Article Analysis Sociology of Educational Late Blooming...

Summary Sociology of educational late blooming, an article published in Sociological Forum and written by Jack Levin and William C. Levin, looks at the timelines of common lifetime milestones and their importance in various cultures. Describing time and scheduling as an important social dimension, the authors explain the subject of timeline scheduling within a context of societal norms(J. Levin W. C. Levin, 1991, p. 661). Milestones in terms of â€Å"proper† chronological age and the order of attainment are established by society and differ greatly from one culture to the next (1991, p. 662). Levin and Levin pick deviancy from the normal age-window for completing higher education, called â€Å"late blooming†, as their focus and note that the†¦show more content†¦676). The class text affirms some of the article’s position when it states â€Å"A community or institution’s culture facilitates or inhibits change† (R. T. Moran, Harris, S. V. Moran , 2007, p. 102). Even more, that national culture plays a key role in the consideration of time and time consciousness (2007, p. 131). The textbook makes a point of linking the development level of a culture to their necessary rhythm; agricultural societies will take a longer duration but slower paced approach to time (2007, p. 131). This would track well with the Levins’ paper, in that the article shows how age-norms have changed often as changes in American development occur. The article is not explicit on this, yet many of the poignant shifts in age norms in the paper are set against just such a backdrop. The GI Bill followed closely after a financial system collapse , increases in college attendance by already-married women was a result of economic slowing in the late 1960s and 70s as well as changes in the value systems of gender equality, and sweeping changes in technology and the nature of our predominantly manufacturing based economy created growth in the populat ion of mid-life career changers. I read the textbook’s approach as seizing on that pattern of change and the increasing pace of it as rational for new approaches in knowledge management (km). Education is just one facet of KM, but if knowledge-assets like corporate values,

The Plan For Public Health And Safety - 1733 Words

The next component of the General Plan is the plan for public health and safety which addresses issues of: Geology and Seismicity, Flooding and Drainage, Noise, Air Installation Land Use Compatibility, Hazardous Materials, Crime Prevention and Protection Services, Fire Prevention and Suppression Services, Disaster Preparedness, Emergency Medical Facilities. The issue of geology and seismicity is important to the Lancaster area at large due to its location being less than ten miles south of the San Andreas Fault. Major earthquakes in the area present a problem for citizen’s safety and possible property damage. A similar issue is that of flooding and drainage. Because Lancaster exists within a valley and is relatively flat, the area is prone to flooding. One of the current propositions is to include flood water basins. The water basins to mitigate for the 100 year flood are essentially large ditches on the corner of neighborhood streets. When a water basin sits in the middle of a neighborhood it is not a functional part of the surrounding environment and can become an eyesore in a community. This probably causes the NIMBY-ism around water basins, no matter how beneficial they may be. Noise is a very prevalent issue in Lancaster, due to the amount of aeronautical activity conducted on EAFB. The City has rezoned the flight area in order to decrease the amount of overhead flights in the urbanized areas. This plan is mimicked in the Air Installation Land Use Compatibility portion.Show MoreRelatedRegulatory Issues Impacting Development of an Emergency Preparedness and Management Plan1573 Words   |  7 PagesEmergency Preparedness and Management Plan is complex. There is not a single format to base the plan. Each plan is dissimilar according to the facility that the plan was developed. Each facility is composed of different structural components, machinery, chemicals, and equipment. 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Auditing and Assurance Services Systematic Approach

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance Services for Systematic Approach. Answer: Introduction: There are some issues in the given case which indicates the need for audit planning. Audit planning refers to the process to the audit operations. In this stage, the necessary information is gathered and the problems are identified. In the given case, there is a massive downturn in the commercial property sector and an abundance of the city office space. Thus, the audit planning issue is to find out the reasons behind this downtown in the commercial sector. Another issues is to find out the reasons the city office space has been abandoned. After that, the necessary information needs to be collected (Smetanko 2014). There are some major auditing issues in this case. The software has been purchased by WebLtd. for the purpose of financial analysis and for the improvement in the management reporting. Here, the first job of the auditor will be to run the system to know whether the system is appropriately made or not. On the other hand, the reliability of the information provided by the software needs to be examined. It needs to be made sure that whether the information provided by the system can be used for various purpose of the organization. There are the main auditing issues that need to be addressed (Mohamed 2015). In this case study, the first audit issue is to find out the reasons for the establishment of an overseas branch as a sales outlet. This is needed as a lot of expense are involved in this process. After that, the next issue is to find out whether it is justified for Beauty Pvt. Ltd. to distribute the samples of the products in order to increase the marketing effort of the company. The third issue is to collect every possible data and information about the inventory of the company that has been transferred to the oversea branch (Getz and Davis 2014). There are some issues that decided whether to use the control approach or the substantive approach. Control approach is used by the auditors to prevent or detect the material misstatement in the audit report. On the other hand, substantive approach is used to prevent or detect the material misstatement as well as the frauds in the assertion level of the audit report. This the main issue behind the selection of different kind of approaches. However, there are other issues like the adopted control system of the client, various auditing activities and others (Glover, Prawitt and Messier 2014). The choice of audit approach vastly depends on the risk assessment procedure of the company. There are three kinds of risk assessment criteria and they are inherent risk, medium risk and detection risk. Inherent risks are errors or omissions in the financial statement due to failure in the control process of the company. Control risks are the material misstatement due to the error of various fraudulent and others. Detection risks are the risks which has a chance to occur in the near future. There is a relation among these three kinds of risks and the choice of audit approach. In case of inherent risk, control approach needs to be adopted. In case of the control risk, substantive approach needs to be adopted. Lastly, in case of the detection risk, control approach needs to be selected (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). For the purpose of measuring the accuracy and completeness of the depreciation expense, substantive approach needs to be adopted. There are reasons behind this statement. As discussed earlier, substantive approach is selected in order to detect or prevent the material misstatement as well as the frauds in various accounts. Depreciation is the kind of expense where both material misstatement as well as frauds can be happened. This is the reason for selecting substantive approach for the calculation of depreciation (Diamond 2013). Accounting is the process to collect, record, process various kind of data and information so that they can be used in making the financial report of the company. On the other hand, auditing is the process of verifying and checking those accounts so that the annual report of the company can reflect the true financial position of the company. Thus, it can be clearly understood that there is a deep connection between accounting and auditing (Dumitrescu 2012). In this regard, it can be said that auditing and accounting are the two sides of the same coin. At the time of auditing, it is desired that the internal as well as the external auditors of the company are provided with the necessary accounting information. In this regard, the proper communication of all necessary accounting information is utmost important. This is why there should be an effective accounting information system that will keep track of all the accounting as well as financial information of the organization. This acco unting information system collects all accounting data and information from various financial and accounting activities of the company, processes them so that they can be useful to the auditors at the time of audit and stores them for further references. These operations of accounting information system help the auditors in a large way. At the time of auditing, the internal as well as external auditors needs various kind of accounting and financial information like information related inventories, sales, purchases, production and many others. The accounting information system helps to communicate all these necessary relevant information to the auditors so in order to smooth the task of the auditors. In the presence of all true accounting information, the financial report of the company reflects the true image of the financial position of the company. On the other hand, the miscommunication of accounting information to the auditors contributes in preparing a financial report that doe s not reflect the true financial position of the organization. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that there is deep connection between auditing and the proper communication of accounting information (De Vlaminck and Sarens 2015). References De Vlaminck, N. and Sarens, G., 2015. The relationship between audit committee characteristics and financial statement quality: evidence from Belgium.Journal of Management Governance,19(1), pp.145-166. Diamond, J., 2013. Internal Control and Internal Audit. InThe International Handbook of Public Financial Management(pp. 374-395). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dumitrescu, A., 2012. Improving public sector performance by strenghtening the relationship between audit and accounting.Theoretical and Applied Economics,11(11), p.85. Getz, B. and Davis, S., 2014. Are you prepared? How one internal audit department identified problems and provided recommendations to strengthen the company's response to business disruptions.Internal Auditor,71(3), pp.69-73. Glover, S.M., Prawitt, D.F. and Messier, W.F., 2014.Auditing assurance services: a systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Mohamed, A.A.M., 2015. Operations Research Applications in Audit Planning and Scheduling.Operations Research,1, p.30968. Smetanko, O., 2014. Improvement of Internal Audit Planning Method through Application of Risk Card by the Indices of Value-Based Management System of Joint-Stock Company.Accounting and Finance, (2), pp.144-154. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.

Section4 Define the following terms Essay Example

Section4 Define the following terms: Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Section4 Define the following terms: specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Section4 Define the following terms: specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Section4 Define the following terms: specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Section4Define the following terms: Minimax Minimax is a management decision rule that guides the manager to minimize maximum possible loss. This is usually used to gauge the maximum possible loss that a manager can gain from the effect of a decision. Hence, Minimax allows the management to consider the effect of a decision on the organization. Maximax Maximax is an alternative that maximizes maximum possible gain. The management usually considers the decision that will enable them receive the highest potential gain out of the implication of the decision on the organization. Payoff Payoff is one short event, a result of pairing a decision alternative with an outcome. The objective of the payoff is to allow the management determine the advantages in terms of gain that they will receive from a certain event based on their decision. Expected Value Expected Value is the outcome of multiplying the probability of an uncontrolled event times the value of the potential outcome and subtracting associated costs. Abbreviated as E.V, the term is a long-run concept. Zero Sum Zero-sum is as opposed to non-zero sum, indicates that one loses and the other one gains. The non-zero term indicates that all the players lose or gain. What is this sections opinion about superstar decision makers? In order to cope with temporariness, managers have always been concerned with change. What is paramount is the length of time one takes to implement change. Superstar decision makers are termed as â€Å"heroic decision makers†. These employees made good decisions under conditions of uncertainty, and continued to do this repeatedly. They are admired, but caution should be taken in the future since just like a heroic penny that turns up heads, four times in a row, chances are, they can still make a wrong decision. As a result, most managers will tend to deal with individuals who are level headed and who take their time before making any rash decisions that could affect the organization negatively. Why is Tosca unable to facilitate the outcome where she saves both her virtue and her lover? From the pay off matrix, it is realized that both Scarpia and Tosca are minimaxers and thus they fail to see that they do not have a zero sum game. Moreover, a coalition solution would produce positive payoffs for both. Why do you think human beings are risk averse when it comes to positive outcomes, but â€Å"risk seeking† when it comes to situations of negative outcomes? Would it not make more sense to be risk seeking when it comes to positive outcomes and risk averse with regard to negative outcomes? Human beings are risk averse when it comes to positive outcomes, but â€Å"risk seeking† when it comes to situations of negative outcomes, because when they enter into a position of possible adversaries or collaborators they fail to analyze beforehand whether the situation is a non-zero sum game or a zero sum game. As a result, it is crucial to be risk seeking when it comes to positive outcomes and risk averse with regard to negative outcomes. Chapter 22 Why do companies have gift policies, and why are some of these policies so strict? A conversation exists between Faust and Stanley. It is realized that gifts generally can be used to influence decisions in an organization. Even though an individual in a lower cadre cannot influence decisions in an organization, the individual can belong to a group that will eventually collectively, influence decisions in the organization. How do you respond to Stanley’s question of whether this is really an ethical issue? Behavior is predictable if the individual under review is known. While a person’s behavior may not appear rational to an outsider, more often than not, it is intended to be rational. Moreover, the subject views their behavior as rational. This summarizes the ethics that the employee should not have received the gift. How can you deal with the ethical lapse -as you view it- of another person, other than by â€Å"turning them in†. For example, what alternatives would you consider if you were aware that another employee had accepted an inappropriate gift? Foremost, an alternative that would work best instead of whistle blowing is a review of the Code of Conduct. Instead of turning in the employee, I would consider reviewing the Code of Conduct with him or her and exemplify or emphasize on the illegal action of accepting gifts and the implications that arise from the action of accepting. Doesn’t it make practical sense to overlook common, petty ethical lapses in order to maintain your credibility for dealing with weightier issues? Typically, ethical issues affect organizations considerably irrespective of how petty or serious they seem to be. Usually, issues that are regarded as petty become compounded over time thus affecting the organization drastically. This would be avoided if the issues were reported early. Why would the NCAA care about an athlete receiving a 10-cent cookie? Does this policy not seem a bit petty? The NCAA realizes the considerable effect of ethical issues regardless of their simplicity or complexity. Therefore, the NCAA was unwilling to allow the athlete receives a 10-cent cookie based on the magnitude that it would have on ethics in the organization. Thus, it is crucial not to overlook any petty ethical lapses in the organization. As a result, the NCAA did not overlook the cookie. Chapter 23 What was the problem and benefit of Stanley telling Ted what he thought of the orientation program? One fear of Stanley telling Ted what he thought of the orientation program was that he would offend Ted, but ultimately it helped Ted improve on the delivery. Why does Stanley’s widespread name recognition result in his being chosen as the best candidate for an important New York assignment? Stan is chosen because of his honesty of judgment, since he would have lied to Ted in order to gain the opportunity than say how he honestly felt. Is self-promotion ethical? There is ultimately nothing wrong with self-promotion. Chapter 24 Using payoff matrices for Ted and Ben, how would you explain the outcome of this tale? In terms of using the payoff matrices, Ted will receive a +10 due to the favorable outcome arising out of Ben’s acceptance of the SUREFIRE program. Nevertheless, Ben will also receive a moderately favorable payoff of +5 respective of the fact that he rejects the program but accepting it would work in his favor. At this point, there would be no strike. However, if a strike occurred, then Ted would gain slightly and thus gain a moderate outcome of -5. However, Ben will lose considerably since he is in charge of management at the plant and thus gain a -10. What are the upside and the downside of Ted’s tactics? Ted’s upside in his move is that he is giving himself more power to control the workers in the organization, while the downside is that he is creating a disconnect, thus reducing their morale of the employees. How can you explain the text’s claim that Ben and Ted do not seem to be trying to reach the best managerial decision, but rather â€Å". . . a personal decision dressed up as a managerial one†? This is a personal decision since both Ted and Ben are trying to usurp power, creating disarray, and thereby reducing their output. Chapter 25 What functions does the MERIT system serve from a cultural/interpretive viewpoint? The rating system gives each employee a position in terms of his performance and thus curbs bias in the organization. It also gives the true worth of an employee to the organization. Additionally, the ranking system allows employees to gauge their performance based on their rankings in the organization. What functions does the MERIT system serve from a technical/rational viewpoint? The MERIT system provides a platform that will allow the organization to determine their overall performance based on the performance of the employees. This is rational from the organization’s point of view since the system allows organization to monitor the individual performances of each employee and thus ascertain those that add or decrease value. Why is the issue of rating versus ranking performance primarily a technical/rational issue? Rating and ranking performance is a rational issue since it forces employees to apply self-interest in the sense, that an employee is only considered about his or her individual performance and does not become concerned with the performance of other employees. This further creates tension and animosity between employees. There is also no aspect in ranking value other attributes. These are the technical/rational issues that affect both the rating and ranking approach in the MERIT system. What is the upside and downside of both the rating and rankings approach? The upside of the rating approach is that it allows employees to rate their performance and thus note the areas they need to change in order to perform more effectively. Additionally, the upside of the ranking approach is because employees are able to receive incentives to work harder and add value to the organization based on their rankings on their efforts. However, ranking and rating possess a downside that is based on discord and tension. This is because rating instills discord between employees and their seniors, while ranking creates tensions between employees due to competitive rivalry.